Frequently Asked Questions

No, UNDO is a private company committed to balancing purpose with profit. Every investment we receive from partners and business initiatives is reinvested into scaling carbon removal and expanding our positive environmental impact.

UNDO continuously tracks and updates our carbon removal figures. For the most up-to-date numbers, visit our home page.

UNDO is a leading enhanced rock weathering (ERW) company that removes carbon from the atmosphere by spreading crushed silicate rock on agricultural land. This process captures CO₂ permanently while also benefiting soil health. We work with farmers, landowners, academics, and corporate partners to scale this natural climate solution globally.

UNDO generates revenue by delivering high-quality carbon removal to organizations looking to address their emissions. While we are working towards third-party verification, our carbon removal is based on rigorous scientific monitoring and measurement.

We work with a range of partners, including scientific institutions, agricultural organizations, and corporate buyers. Our partnerships help us scale enhanced rock weathering while maintaining rigorous scientific and environmental standards.

Rock weathering is a natural carbon removal process that involves the breakdown of silicate rocks. When these rocks react with CO₂ in rainwater, they form stable compounds that lock away carbon permanently.

At UNDO, we accelerate this process by spreading crushed silicate rock on agricultural land. This removes CO₂ while improving soil health and enhancing farm productivity, making ERW both a climate solution and a benefit to farmers.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recognises ERW as a viable large-scale carbon removal solution. Scientific models suggest that ERW could remove billions of tonnes of CO₂ per year globally by 2050.

UNDO is already deploying ERW at scale in the UK and Canada, spreading hundreds of thousands of tonnes of silicate rock. Our ongoing scientific monitoring ensures that we accurately track how much CO₂ is being removed.

Silicate rocks such as basalt and wollastonite are commonly used in ERW due to their ability to absorb CO₂ efficiently while also improving soil quality.

In the UK, UNDO has primarily used basalt, a widely available rock that provides valuable nutrients for soil health. In Canada, we use wollastonite, which can also act as a lime replacement, reducing the need for traditional agricultural lime.

The speed of carbon removal depends on factors such as rock type, grain size, and the soil and climate conditions. The rock starts weathering and capturing carbon as soon as it is spread, but it can take years to decades for the rock to weather completely. The rock UNDO is using in Canada was selected because it is rich in wollastonite, an extremely fast weathering mineral. Unlike tree planting, which stores carbon for decades or centuries, ERW locks CO₂ away for over 100,000 years with minimal risk of re-release.

At UNDO, we use field measurements and scientific modelling to track and verify the long-term impact of our ERW deployments.

Yes, ERW is a low-risk, nature-based solution. The process occurs naturally over time and is similar to traditional liming, a common agricultural practice used to improve soil quality.

UNDO rigorously monitors soil and water quality to ensure ERW provides environmental and agricultural benefits. Studies show that ERW can improve soil structure, enhance crop resilience, and support long-term farm productivity.

ERW is a highly scalable and cost-effective solution compared to other carbon removal methods. It provides permanent carbon storage of over 100,000 years while also benefiting soil health and supporting agricultural productivity.

Unlike direct air capture, which requires specialised infrastructure and high energy use, ERW leverages existing farmland to scale efficiently. Compared to tree planting, which stores carbon temporarily and is vulnerable to wildfires and deforestation, ERW offers a more stable and long-term solution.

ERW is being actively researched and deployed in several countries, including the UK, Canada, the US, and Australia. UNDO is currently leading large-scale ERW deployments in Canada, the UK and Australia, working with farmers, scientists, and industry partners to expand its impact.

Yes, ERW benefits farmers by improving soil health, balancing pH levels, and reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. Some rock types, such as wollastonite, can also substitute agricultural lime, offering an additional cost-saving benefit.

UNDO partners with farmers to integrate ERW into their existing practices, ensuring it is easy to apply and delivers real agricultural value. Farmers interested in working with UNDO can learn more here.

UNDO uses a multi-layered approach to accurately track and verify the CO₂ removed through ERW. Our Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) system includes:

• Field sampling – Measuring how much rock has dissolved and reacted with CO₂ in real-world conditions.
• Isotopic tracing – Using geochemical analysis to confirm CO₂ capture in soils and water.
• Soil and water monitoring – Ensuring environmental safety and tracking long-term changes.
• Scientific modelling – Applying the latest research to refine our carbon removal estimates.

We work with leading scientists and research institutions to continuously improve our methods and ensure transparency in our impact reporting. Learn more via our blog.

UNDO typically sources crushed silicate rock from existing quarry and mine operations, ensuring that our process is resource-efficient and low-impact.

Our lifecycle analysis (LCA) considers the full carbon footprint of ERW, including rock extraction, transport, and spreading. Studies show that the carbon removed through ERW significantly outweighs emissions from these processes, making it a highly carbon-efficient solution for long-term CO₂ removal.

The composition of ERW rock varies based on location, but UNDO primarily uses:

• Basalt – A volcanic rock rich in calcium, magnesium, and iron silicates, which enhances soil nutrients while removing CO₂.
• Wollastonite – A rock rich in a high-reactivity silicate mineral containing calcium and magnesium, which can also substitute agricultural lime.

These minerals react with CO₂ to form stable carbonates, permanently locking away CO₂ while supporting soil health.

Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) involves spreading finely crushed silicate rock onto fields, where it reacts with CO₂ in rainwater and locks it away permanently. This is a natural, soil-friendly process that improves pH, boosts nutrient availability, and supports crop health—all while removing carbon from the atmosphere.

As a farmer or landowner, partnering with UNDO can offer a range of benefits:

• Improved soil pH and structure
• Potential yield improvements over time
• A more sustainable alternative to traditional lime
• Support from our team to integrate the process with your existing operations
• Contributing to climate action without any change to your crop choices or rotations

No, our process is safe and non-disruptive. We work with you to ensure the rock application fits into your existing operations with no impact on crops or grazing schedules.

The silicate rock we use is carefully selected and tested to ensure it meets agricultural and environmental standards.

In most cases, the only cost to the farmer is haulage. UNDO covers the cost of the rock and its spreading, and in some regions, we may be able to support haulage as well.

We’ll always be clear about any costs upfront, and we aim to make participation as low-barrier and low-effort as possible for farmers.

No changes are required. ERW is designed to work in parallel with your existing practices, whether you’re growing crops, raising livestock, or operating mixed systems. We don’t require any alterations to what or how you farm.

In the UK, we primarily use basalt, and in Canada, we use wollastonite. Both are silicate rocks that help capture CO₂ and improve soil health.

Depending on the rock type and soil needs, application rates may vary, however, it will be less frequent than liming, making it a longer-lasting alternative.

Yes, in practice, it’s very similar to liming. The silicate rocks used in ERW also offer the same pH benefits, meaning they can be used instead of lime.

We work with experienced local contractors to deliver and spread the rock using standard agricultural equipment. The process is fast and straightforward, and we’ll liaise with you to find the right window for your fields.

You don’t need to be involved in the application itself, but you’re always welcome to be part of the process.

Yes. All rock used in our projects is tested for purity and safety, and we monitor soil and water before and after application to ensure no negative impacts.

We only use natural, unmodified crushed rock, and our approach is backed by scientific research and environmental safeguards.

We’re always looking to partner with farmers and landowners who want to improve their soil and support climate action.

If you’d like to learn more or discuss a potential partnership, please get in touch here.

No. UNDO isn’t asking you to change your farming practices or sell carbon credits. Our goal is to deliver permanent, science-backed carbon removal through a natural process that benefits your soil and productivity. This isn’t about offsetting emissions elsewhere, this is about working together to create lasting climate impact from your land.

Not at all. Our lifecycle analysis shows that enhanced rock weathering removes far more CO₂ than it emits. We carefully calculate the emissions from rock transport and spreading, and our operations result in a net-negative impact.

We also monitor for any potential changes to soil, water, and biodiversity, and we only operate where we can do so safely and responsibly.

ERW is a process recognised by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and backed by decades of research. UNDO collaborates with independent scientists and institutions to measure, monitor, and refine our process so you can be confident that the results are real and verifiable.

We’re happy to share more about the science and the peer-reviewed research that supports what we do.

No. The rock we use is finely crushed and applied evenly across your fields. It doesn’t interfere with sowing, harvesting, or future fertiliser applications. In fact, many of our farming partners say they barely notice it after application – except for the soil benefits.

UNDO is responsible for planning, managing, and verifying large-scale carbon removal projects using enhanced rock weathering (ERW).

Our team oversees the end-to-end deployment process, including:

• Sourcing and quality-checking suitable silicate rock
• Coordinating transport and spreading on farmland
• Monitoring soil, water, and environmental conditions
• Measuring and reporting CO₂ removal through our MRV process
• Managing carbon removal sales and buyer relationships

We work with trusted partners to help deliver key parts of this process, but the carbon removal outcome is our responsibility.

Yes. We collaborate with a range of strategic partners, including:

• Quarries and rock providers – to source and supply high-reactivity silicate rock
• Landowners – to secure highly suitable agricultural land to spread on
• Spreading contractors – to apply rock efficiently and safely on agricultural land
• Academic institutions and research partners – to enhance and validate our MRV approach
• Local partners – such as Canadian Wollastonite, who support operations and relationships in specific regions

These collaborations allow us to scale faster and more efficiently while keeping quality and scientific integrity at the core.

UNDO retains ownership of the carbon removal generated through our projects. While we work with external partners to source materials or support logistics, the measurement, carbon accounting, and carbon credit sales are managed by UNDO.

This ensures a consistent approach to reporting, quality control, and transparency across all of our carbon removal activities.

In Canada, UNDO partners with Canadian Wollastonite, who provide the high-reactivity silicate rock used in our ERW deployments.

While Canadian Wollastonite supports local operations and rock supply, UNDO is responsible for:

• Planning and delivering the ERW project
• Monitoring soil and environmental impact
• Measuring and reporting carbon removal
• Managing all buyer relationships and carbon removal claims

This partnership allows us to scale rapidly in Canada while maintaining full accountability for the climate impact we deliver.

UNDO’s model is designed for scale and efficiency. By working with trusted partners, whether that’s a quarry, a local contractor, or a university, we can deliver high-quality carbon removal faster without compromising on scientific credibility or environmental standards.

We focus on what we do best: delivering, measuring, and scaling durable carbon removal while collaborating with others who share our values.

UNDO applies the same core principles and processes across all our projects, regardless of geography or partner involvement. This includes:

• Using consistent MRV frameworks
• Conducting centralised LCA and carbon accounting
• Applying the same eligibility and quality criteria for partner sites
• Retaining control of all carbon removal tracking and sales

This ensures that buyers and stakeholders can trust that every tonne removed meets the same high standards, wherever it’s delivered.

Yes, we’re always looking to collaborate with aligned partners who share our mission. If you’re a supplier, researcher, contractor, or organisation working in sustainability, agriculture, or climate tech, we’d love to hear from you.